US Opioid Addiction Epidemic “Costs $500 Billion Per Year”

The American opioid epidemic, which President Trump declared a public emergency last year, costs the United States more than $500 billion per year, according to data released by the The Council of Economic Advisers.

The agency, which is part of the Executive Office of the President, believes that $504 billion is lost through a combination of factors related to opioid abuse, ranging from overdose deaths to health care bills, lost productivity and spending on law enforcement and criminal justice.

An estimated 50,000 Americans died due to drug overdoses in 2015, the most recent year for which complete data is available. More than 60% of these deaths involved opioids, making the class of medication that most deadly in the country.

Opioid addiction has developed from a minor problem into a major crisis over the past decade, with overdose deaths, emergency room visits and other negative events increasing at a rapid pace.

In 2017, more than 45,000 people in the United States received emergency room treatment for opioid-related health problems. An estimated two million American adults are considered opioid dependent, according to the current addiction criteria.

The rate of opioid-related deaths is more than four times as high as in 1999, less than 20 years ago.

Opioid addiction affects a diverse range of people throughout the United States. However, the addiction crisis has hit certain areas harder than others, with industrial areas the most likely to be affected.

Addiction rates are highest in states such as Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky and Pennsylvania — states with large amounts of heavy industry and higher rates of workplace injuries than coastal regions.

Many people dealing with opioid addiction are prescribed opioid painkillers due to a workplace injury or surgery. Prescription painkillers such as Vicodin and Oxycontin are widely prescribed, often for injuries that can potentially be treated using less addictive alternative medications.

Data shows that many people become addicted to opioids after being prescribed the drugs at a therapeutic dose following surgery or recurring pain. Others switch from prescription opioids to street drugs such as heroin and fentanyl due to their lower cost and widespread availability.

In the case of fentanyl, efforts by addicts to save money can be deadly. The drug, which is a synthetic opiate painkiller designed for use in combination with other drugs as an anesthetic, delivers an effect that’s more than 50 times as powerful as morphine.

Black market opioid dealers often falsely sell fentanyl as heroin or morphine in an effort to cut costs and generate more profit from illegal drug sales. Even a slight overdose of the drug can result in death, making this practice extremely hazardous and harmful.

Fentanyl is also often disguised as prescription medications such as oxycodone. Recently, the U.S. Attorney’s Office announced that three men had been arrested in California for selling the illicit and dangerous painkiller in the form of counterfeit oxycodone tablets.

It’s a widespread problem, and one with no clear end in sight. Despite massive efforts by law enforcement, government and private addiction centres, the opioid crisis remains a massive, increasingly significant problem for millions of people across North America.

Rachel ‘killed by jilted lover’

RACHEL WHITEAR, the 21-year-old student whose corpse was shown in a government anti-drug campaign, was killed by her jilted boyfriend, according to court documents.

Luke Fitzgerald is alleged to have administered a fatal dose of heroin and then attempted to “clean up the scene”, say documents submitted to the High Court in London.

Detectives reinvestigating her death have obtained statements from witnesses saying that Fitzgerald, a heroin addict, had been with Whitear when she died in a Devon bedsit. One witness said Fitzgerald had “confessed” to fatally injecting Whitear, who was previously assumed to have accidentally overdosed herself.

The High Court ruled this month that a fresh inquest into Whitear’s death must be heard, probably next year. The judges were told that the evidence is of “such significance” that it should be put before a coroner’s court.

The court documents also claim that officials connected with the first inquest, held seven months after her death in May 2000, failed to investigate it properly because they did not want to devote the necessary money and time, and were wary of the possible HIV risk attached to her body. The evidence suggests that, as an apparently drug-related fatality, Whitear was treated as a “second-class citizen” by the officials.

Whitear, a university student who became hooked on heroin after meeting Fitzgerald as a teenager, had split with him the day before her death, moving out of their shared flat in Exmouth and into a bedsit in the town.

She was found there three days later, her discoloured body in a crouching position on the floor clutching a syringe with the stopper inexplicably replaced on the end of the needle.

An inquest, however, was unable to give a cause of death and recorded an open verdict.

Toxicology tests showed that her blood contained a level of heroin too low to have been fatal and the coroner Richard Van Oppen reportedly said he was “certain” she had not died of an overdose.

Whitear’s mother and stepfather, Pauline and Michael Holcroft, nevertheless agreed to allow their daughter’s life story, and the shocking last image of her, to be made into a government-backed video to warn schoolchildren of the dangers of drug use.

Only when the coroner’s verdict was highlighted in the media in 2003, together with details showing that Fitzgerald had lied to police about his contact with her the day she died, were Wiltshire police ordered to reinvestigate the case by the Independent Police Complaints Authority.

Fitzgerald, 31, who has a conviction for assault, had initially told Devon and Cornwall police in 2000 that he had last seen Whitear the day before she died, when the couple argued on the beach about money he claimed she owed. Only when police interviewed Fitzgerald a second time, after the inconclusive toxicology tests, did he admit getting money from her on the morning she died. He insisted, however, that he had never been to her new address.

Three months into the 2003 reinvestigation Fitzgerald was arrested by Wiltshire detectives on suspicion of Whitear’s manslaughter, but was later released. The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) ruled there was insufficient evidence to bring charges against anyone in connection with the death. However, the court documents containing evidence compiled by Chief Superintendent Paul Howlett of Wiltshire police, and submitted to the High Court this month in a successful attempt to force a new inquest, show that the reinvestigation obtained significant evidence suggesting that Fitzgerald was indeed present when his former girlfriend died.

The court submission states that among the new evidence is “the existence of a witness who had a conversation with Rachel’s boyfriend in which he confessed to having injected Rachel and thereafter returned to her house to clean up the scene”. It adds that there is also “the existence of another witness who had spoken to Rachel’s boyfriend and as a result had formed the view that he was present when Rachel died”.

The police obtained statements from two people who said that Whitear’s landlord, Darren Tynan, had told them that he had heard someone “leave the house during the period relevant to Rachel’s death”. Tynan denied having said this when questioned by the police, although he did state that a packet of tobacco had gone missing on the afternoon she died.

Girl of 11 bought Heroin in £10 bags

An 11-year-old girl has received hospital treatment after collapsing from the effects of smoking Heroin.

The Primary 7 pupil, who cannot be named, appeared to fall asleep during lessons last week. Teachers suspected that she had unwittingly ingested drugs and she was taken to Yorkhill Children’s Hospital, in Glasgow.

But she later told doctors that she had been buying £10 bags of heroin, a class A drug, from a dealer near the city’s Pollok shopping centre for eight weeks.

Strathclyde police said an investigation had been launched. The news prompted condemnation from local politicians and anti-drugs campaigners.

“Clearly it is a great worry to find that any primary school child is using hard drugs,” said Ian Davidson, Labour MP for Glasgow South West.

“We need to identify whether this is a particular issue to this family or, more worryingly, if this is the tip of the iceberg in terms of this sort of drug use among classmates.

“Unfortunately there are large numbers of locations where drugs can quite freely be purchased, both in Pollok and elsewhere in the city.

“And we’ve got, perhaps, to concentrate more on sweeping up a lot of the low level dealers rather than constantly trying to catch the ‘Mr Bigs’ because it is the low-level dealers who cause the annoyance and irritation and fuel the use of drugs.”

Scotland Against Drugs has trained thousands of teachers and school heads to deal with children and parents who use drugs.

Its director, Alistair Ramsay, said: “Thankfully, incidents like this are very rare but when they occur they are truly shocking.”

But Cllr Gaille McCann claimed that the case was “not an isolated incident”.

She said: “This is the harsh reality of the drug problem today and it must not just become a seven-day story but instead act as a wake-up call to us all, particularly the policy-makers in their ivory towers.”

“They must look at the whole issue and the policies in place, from prevention and treatment to enforcement, because they have clearly failed this wee girl.”

Helen Hunter, the assistant director of Children 1st, a Scottish child welfare charity, said: “This is frightening. Clearly the people cruel enough to sell heroin to an 11-year-old girl need to be stopped. Just as importantly, however, you have to ask how an 11-year-old girl knew about buying and using drugs.”

Ecstasy Killed Boy Of 15

Courtesy Of The Evening Gazette Sep 27 2006

A 15-year-old schoolboy died after taking an overdose of ecstasy, a Teesside inquest heard.

Josh Butler, of Firbeck Walk, Thornaby, died on March 25, despite efforts to resuscitate him.

The hearing in Middlesbrough heard that the teenager had taken an excessive amount of the drug and did not appear to be aware of the consequences.

A man has been charged in connection with supplying the drug and is due to appear at Teesside Crown Court next month.

Josh was spotted unconscious in the entrance hall of Hudson House flats in Thornaby, surrounded by a group of others, by security guard Geoffrey Walker via CCTV.

Mr Walker called for an ambulance and the schoolboy was taken to James Cook University Hospital in Middlesbrough where he was pronounced dead.

Mr Walker said Josh was with a group of men including Lee Dawson who lived in the flats.

Lee Dawson’s girlfriend Pamela Green told police the group arrived at their flat and appeared to be under the influence of drugs.

Home office pathologist Dr William Lawler said toxicology results had found Josh had taken around four times the amount of ecstasy than was usually taken recreationally.

This would have caused an irregular heartbeat resulting in death.

Teesside Coroner Michael Sheffield described Josh’s death as a “tragic situation”.

“Josh clearly did not realise how much people who use ecstasy usually take. Quite clearly he did not realise what taking this excessive amount what do to him.”

Mr Sheffield recorded a verdict of misadventure.

 

Unhappy New Year For Drug Dealers

Dealers who sell drugs near schools or use children as couriers could face stiffer penalties. This is one of a number of measures introduced by the Drugs Act 2005 which came into force on 1 January 2006 to target drug dealers.
Also included are powers for police to request x-rays of dealers suspected of swallowing Class A drugs and tougher sentences to foil
those who conceal drugs in their body cavities. The measures are part of the Government strategy to focus on the substances that are most harmful and deal severely with those who supply drugs.
The Drugs Act 2005 will also increase the maximum amount of time suspected ‘drug mules’ arrested by the police can be held in custody from 96 hours to 192 hours. This will allow time for drugs to pass through the suspects’ system.
The Government also announced that from 1 January 2006 Ketamine will become a Class C drug following the recommendation made in November 2005 by the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD)